Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Modibbo Adama University
2 Science Laboratory Department, Federal College of Horticulture, Dadinkowa
Abstract
Bio-diesel has proven to be a better alternative to fossil diesel due to its eco-friendly, ease of production, high cetane rating and sustainability (renewable) which are the major drawback of fossil fuel. In this study, a non-edible avocado seed oil was used to formulate biodiesel. The avocado seed oil was extracted using cold press mill. The seed oil was then subjected to esterification to reduce the acidic value to <1mgKOH/g using sulphuric acid catalyst (H2SO4). Subsequently, the optimisation of the transesterification process was carried out by investigating the effect of different blend of molarity of oil to methanol (1: 6, 1.5:6, 2: 5, and 2.5:4.5) concentration of KOH catalyst % weight (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2), reaction time in minutes (55, 65, 75, and 85) and reaction temperature (55,60,65 and 70) OC on the yield of ASO biodiesel (%). The study revealed that highest ASO biodiesel yield (%) was observed with KOH 1% weight concentration; 75 min reaction time, 650C and 1: 6 molarity of oil to methanol. The physico-chemical parameters of ASO biodiesel assessed were in conformity with ASTM standard and with literature. The assessment revealed that ASO biodiesel has some improved properties over fossil diesel. Therefore, it can be used solely or as a blend in diesel engine.
Keywords
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[6] W. Wan Ghazali, R. Mamat, H. Masjuki and G. Najafi, " Effects of biodiesel from different feedstocks on engine performance and emissions: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , vol. 51, pp. 585-602, 2015.
[7] N. Puagsang, I. Chanakeawsomboon, S. Chantrapromma and A. Palamanit, "Production of Biodiesel from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil Using Hydrochloric Acid," EnvironmentAsia, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 23-32, 2021.
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[34] U. Rashid and F. Anwar, "Production of biodiesel through optimized alkaline- catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil," Fuel, vol. 87, p. 265–273, 2008.
[35] J. Cheng, Y. Li, S. He, W. Shen, Y. Liu and Y. Song, "Reaction kinetics of transester- ification between vegetable oil and methanol under super critical conditions. Energy Sources," Recovery Utili Environ Effects, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 681-688, 2008.
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[37] M. Kyari and M. Yunus, "Optimization of trans-esterification of Lophira lanceolatan (False Shea) seed oil to alkyl ester using response surface methodology," Nigerian J. Chem. Research, vol. 22, pp. 88-94, 2017.
[38] A. A. Adekanmi and J. O. Ayoade, "Extraction, Production and Characterizations of Diesel Produced from Palm Kernel Seeds," International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS), vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 198-209, 2020.
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[42] C. Esonye, O. D. Onukwuli and A. U. Ofoefule, "Optimization of Methyl Ester Production from Prunus Amygdalus Seed Oil Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networks., 130, 62-71, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ren," Renewable Energy, 2019.
[43] T. O. K. Audu, E. Aluyor, S. Egualeoma and S. Momoh, " Extraction and characterization of Chrysophyllum albidium and Luffa cylindrical seed oils," Petroleum Technology Development Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2013.
[44] O. O. Awolu and S. K. Layokun, "Optimization of two-step transesterification production of biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta indica) oil," Int. J. of Energy and Environmental Engineering, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 21-39,
[2] M. O. Onimisi, V. O. Ajibola and Y. A. Dallatu, "Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Palm Oil Sludge and Palm Kernel Oil using Non-Heating Method," Nigerian Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 114 - 131, 2021.
[3] J. Van Gerpen, B. Shanks, R. Pruszko, D. Clements and G. Knothe, Biodiesel Production Technology, Vols. NRRL/SR-510-36244, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2004.
[4] A. E. Atabani, A. S. Silitonga, A. B. Irfan, T. M. Mahlia, H. H. Masjuki and S. Mekhilef, " A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics," Renewable and Sustainable energy review, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 2070- 2093, 2012.
[5] A. Yusuff, O. Adeniyi, M. Olutoye and U. Akpan, "A Review on Application of Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils," Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-16, 2017.
[6] W. Wan Ghazali, R. Mamat, H. Masjuki and G. Najafi, " Effects of biodiesel from different feedstocks on engine performance and emissions: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , vol. 51, pp. 585-602, 2015.
[7] N. Puagsang, I. Chanakeawsomboon, S. Chantrapromma and A. Palamanit, "Production of Biodiesel from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil Using Hydrochloric Acid," EnvironmentAsia, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 23-32, 2021.
[8] S. D. G. S. E. Romano and M. A. Laborde, Biodiesel. In: Combustibles Alternativos, 2nd edition ed., Buenos Aires: Ediciones Cooperativas, 2006.
[9] A. Datta and B. Mandal, "Comprehensive Review of Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engine," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 57, pp. 799-821, 2016.
[10] G. Knothe, R. O. Dunn and M. O. Bagby, Biodiesel: the use of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels. In: Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, 1st edition ed., New York: American Chemical Society, 1997.
[11] S. D. Romano and P. A. Sorichetti, " Dielectric Spectroscopy in Biodiesel Production and Characterization," Green Energy and Technology, pp. 1-22, 2011.
[12] O. S. Azeez, K. U. Okafor, O. Adewolu, A. Nasir and M. A. Olutoye, "Production of Biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil using Feo Promoted NaoH Catalyst through Transesterification," Journal of Applied Chemical Science International, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 40-44, 2016.
[13] P. Verma and M. Sharma, "Review of process parameters for biodiesel production from different feedstocks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 62, p. 1063–1071, 2016.
[14] A. Demirbas, "Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and noncatalytic supercritical alcohol transesterification and other methods, A survey," Energy Conversion Management, vol. 44, pp. 2093-2104, 2003.
[15] S. P. Singh and D. Singh, " Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitutes for deisel: A review," Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.,, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 200-216, 2010.
[16] A. K. Agarwal, "Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines," Prog Energy Combustion Science, vol. 33, p. 233–271, 2007.
[17] K. Parthiban, S. Pandian and D. Subramanian, "Conventional and in-situ transesterification of Annona squamosa seed oil for biodiesel production: Performance and emission analysis," Environmental Technology & Innovation , vol. 101593, pp. 11-22, 2021.
[18] M. Maulidiyah, A. H. Watoni, N. Maliana, I. Irwan and L. A. Salim, "Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil Using Sulfuric Acid and K2O Catalysts through a Two-Stage Reaction," Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 3150 - 3160.
[19] S. Manickam, W. Arigela and P. Gogate, " Intensification of Synthesis of Biodiesel from Palm Oil Using Multiple Frequency Ultrasonic Flow Cell," Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 128, pp. 388-393, 2014.
[20] I. Reyero, G. Arzamendi, S. Zabala and L. M. Gandía, "Kinetics of the NaOH-catalyzed transesterification of sunflower oil with ethanol to produce biodiesel," Fuel Process Technology, vol. 129, p. 147–155, 2015.
[21] D. Berner, " AOCS’ 4th edition of methods," J Am Oil Chem Soc, vol. 66, no. 12, p. 1749, 1989.
[22] M. E. Di Pietro, A. Mannu and A. Mele, "NMR Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Vegetable Oils," Processes , vol. 8, no. 410, 2020.
[23] N. Nurhayati, S. Anita, T. A. Amri and A. Linggawati, " Esterification of crude palm oil using H2SO4 and transesterification using CaO catalyst derived from Anadara granosa," Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 309-315, 2017.
[24] J. A. Gidigbi, A. Ngoshe and M. Aisuedion, " Industrial Viability Study of the Avocado Seed Oil," International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 48-57, 2019.
[25] USA Department of Energy, "Biodiesel: handling and uses guidelines," Washington DC, 2004.
[26] J. Gidigbi, A. B. Abubakar, A. M. Ngoshe and Y. E. Okomah, "Formulation of emulsion paint using benign HGSO/PVAc copolmer as a binder," International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2023.
[27] C. Esonye, O. D. Onukwuli and A. U. Ofoefule, " Chemical Kinetics of a Two-step Transesterification of Dyacrodes Edulis Seed Oil Using Acid-Alkali Catalyst," Chemical Engineering Research and Design, vol. 145, pp. 245-257, 2019.
[28] US Department of Energy, "Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide: Energy Efficient and Renewable Energy," US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 2016.
[29] AOAC, "Official methods of analysis," Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, 2000.
[30] S. E. Sannia, M. E. Emetereb, V. E. Efeovbokhana and J. D. Udonne, "Process Optimization of the Transesterification Processes of Palm Kernel and Soybean Oils for Lube Oil Synthesis," International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 12, no. 14, pp. 4113 - 4129, 2017.
[31] l. P. Nautiya, K. Subramanian and M. G. Dastidar, "Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on biodiesel production from Spirulinaplatensis algae biomass using single stage extraction–transesterification process," Fuel, vol. 135, p. 228–234, 2014.
[32] H. Noureddini and D. Zhu, "Kineticsoftransesterification ofsoybeanoil," J. AmOil Chem. Soc, vol. 74, no. 11, p. 1457–1463, 1997.
[33] B. M. Obidike, N. O. Okwara, A. W. Verlac, C. E. Enyoh and J. P. Mbagwu, "Optimization and effect of varying catalyst concentration and trans-esterification temperature on the yield of biodiesel production from palm kernel oil and groundnut oil," Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 55-69, 2022.
[34] U. Rashid and F. Anwar, "Production of biodiesel through optimized alkaline- catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil," Fuel, vol. 87, p. 265–273, 2008.
[35] J. Cheng, Y. Li, S. He, W. Shen, Y. Liu and Y. Song, "Reaction kinetics of transester- ification between vegetable oil and methanol under super critical conditions. Energy Sources," Recovery Utili Environ Effects, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 681-688, 2008.
[36] P. Nair, B. Singh, S. N. Upadhyay and Y. C. Sharma, "Synthesis of biodiesel from low FFA waste frying oil using calciumoxide derived from Mereterixmereterixasa heterogeneous catalyst," J. Clean Prod, vol. 12, p. 82–90, 2012.
[37] M. Kyari and M. Yunus, "Optimization of trans-esterification of Lophira lanceolatan (False Shea) seed oil to alkyl ester using response surface methodology," Nigerian J. Chem. Research, vol. 22, pp. 88-94, 2017.
[38] A. A. Adekanmi and J. O. Ayoade, "Extraction, Production and Characterizations of Diesel Produced from Palm Kernel Seeds," International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS), vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 198-209, 2020.
[39] PSC, "Specific Gravity," November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://petroleumservicecompany.com/blog/specific-gravity. [Accessed March 2023].
[40] S. Soares and R. P. Fabio, "Fast Spectrophotometric Determination of Iodine Value in Biodiesel and Vegetable Oils," Journal of the Braillian Chemical Society, pp. 21-33, 2018.
[41] A. U. Ofoefule, C. Esonye, O. D. Onukwuli, E. Nwaeze and C. S. Ume, "Modeling and optimization of African pear seed oil esterification and transesterification using artificial neural network and response surface methodology comparative analysis," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 140, 2019.
[42] C. Esonye, O. D. Onukwuli and A. U. Ofoefule, "Optimization of Methyl Ester Production from Prunus Amygdalus Seed Oil Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networks., 130, 62-71, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ren," Renewable Energy, 2019.
[43] T. O. K. Audu, E. Aluyor, S. Egualeoma and S. Momoh, " Extraction and characterization of Chrysophyllum albidium and Luffa cylindrical seed oils," Petroleum Technology Development Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2013.
[44] O. O. Awolu and S. K. Layokun, "Optimization of two-step transesterification production of biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta indica) oil," Int. J. of Energy and Environmental Engineering, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 21-39,
)