International Journal of New Chemistry
ISC, DOAJ, CAS, Google Scholar......

An Update Review on the Developed Chromatographic Methods for the Analysis of Tricyclic Antidepressants

Document Type : Review

Author

Mahnaz Qomi

Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijnc.2025.718911
Abstract
This review paper provides a comprehensive update on the advancements in chromatographic methods for the analysis of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), a class of medications widely used in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. The paper discusses the evolution of chromatographic techniques, including gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), highlighting their respective advantages and limitations in the context of TCA analysis. Recent innovations such as the incorporation of mass spectrometry (MS) for enhanced sensitivity and specificity are also explored. The review further examines sample preparation methodologies, including solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), which play a critical role in achieving accurate quantification and detection. Additionally, the paper addresses the challenges associated with the complex matrix of biological samples, such as plasma and urine, and evaluates strategies for overcoming these obstacles. By synthesizing current research findings, this review aims to provide insights into the optimal selection and application of chromatographic techniques for TCA analysis, thereby supporting clinical and forensic investigations.

Keywords

Chromatographic Techniques
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Analytical Methods
Pharmaceutical Analysis
Method Development
Subjects
  1. R. Swanson, et al., J Forensic Sci., 42, 335 (1994).
  2. C. Nelson, J Clin Psychiatry., 45, 10 (1984).
  3. Ghanizadeh, Curr Drug Saf., 8, 169 (2013).
  4. S. Janowsky B. Byerley J Clin Psychiatry. 45, 3 (1984).
  5. O. Friedel, J Clin Psychiatry., 45, 46 (1984).
  6. F. Rosenbaum, J Clin Psychiatry. 45, 17 (1984).
  7. R. Sallee, Clin Pharmacokinet., 18(5), 346 (1990).
  8. Hearn, et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 2, 10 (2014).
  9. Healy, C. Whitaker, J Psychiatry Neurosci., 28, 5 (2003).
  10. Perroud, CNS Drugs., 25, 459 (2011).
  11. Wang, H. Xu, J. Zhang, G. Li, Sensors., 8, 2043 (2008).
  12. M. Alipour, etal., Int J New Chem., 10, 197 (2023).
  13. J. Privett, et al., Anal Chem., 82, 4723 (2010).
  14. Farahani, T. Madrakian, A. Afkhami, Int J New Chem., 9, 383 (2023).
  15. Jackson, , 2010,341 (2010).
  16. Anderson, Journal of affective disorders., 58, 19 (2000).
  17. Hollister, New England Journal of Medicine.,299, 1106 (1978).
  18. Rudorfer, W. Z. Potter. Cellular and molecular neurobiology., 19, 373 (1999).
  19. Furukawa, H. McGuire, C. Barbui. ,325, 991 (2002).
  20. Hartmann, Am. Fam. Phys. 59, 159 (1999).
  21. de Boer, J. Clin. Psychiatry 57(Suppl. 4), 19 (1996).
  22. Anttila and E. V. Leinonen, CNS Drug Rev. 7, 249 (2001).
  23. de Boer, F. Nefkens, and A. van Helvoirt, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 253, R5 (1994).
  24. de Boer, G. Maura, M. Raiteri, C. de Vos, J. Wieringa, and R. Pinder, Neuropharmacol. 27, 399 (1988).
  25. Holm and A. Markham, Drugs 57, 607 (1999).
  26. Ruigt, B. Kemp, C. M. Groenhout, and H. A. Kamphuisen, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 38, 551 (1990).
  27. F. Zhang, L. L. Gan, and C. H. Zhou, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20, 1881 (2010).
  28. Głuszynska, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 94, 405 (2009).
  29. Chakraborty, C. Saha, G. Podder, et al., Phytochemistry 38, 787 (1995).
  30. Swanson, et al., J Forensic Sci., 42, 335 (1994).
  31. Nelson, J Clin Psychiatry., 45, 10 (1984).
  32. Ghanizadeh, Curr Drug Saf., 8, 169 (2013).
  33. Janowsky B. Byerley J Clin Psychiatry. 45, 3 (1984).
  34. Friedel, J Clin Psychiatry., 45, 46 (1984).
  35. Rosenbaum, J Clin Psychiatry. 45, 17 (1984).
  36. Sallee, Clin Pharmacokinet., 18(5), 346 (1990).
  37. Hearn, et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 2, 10 (2014).
  38. Healy, C. Whitaker, J Psychiatry Neurosci., 28, 5 (2003).
  39. Perroud, CNS Drugs., 25, 459 (2011).
  40. Wang, H. Xu, J. Zhang, G. Li, Sensors., 8, 2043 (2008).
International Journal of New Chemistry
Volume 12, Issue 3
Winter 2025
Pages 401-410

Home

Reviewers